Background

Campbell joined the Burnet Institute in 1995. Since that time he has conducted research on a broad spectrum of topics in the fields of drug use and blood-borne virus epidemiology.

With particular expertise in injecting drug use and the hepatitis C virus, Campbell is the author or co-author of over 75 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Appointments

• Senior Research Fellow, Burnet Institute, Victoria, Australia
• Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
• CEO, Express Editing Writing and Research

Qualifications

• 1993: PhD, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
• 1989: BSc (Hons), Monash University, Australia

Projects (5)

Current (4)

• Hepatitis C and injecting networks
  Understanding the transmission of hepatitis C in a social network of young people who inject drugs.
• PATH Cohort Study
  A cohort study of the trajectories of prisoners with a history of injecting drug use after release from prison.
• Social Networks and the Hepatitis C Virus
  The Networks study aims to produce a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of IDU networks to see if they can be altered to reduce HCV entry and spread.
• SuperMIX: The Melbourne Injecting Drug User Cohort Study
  A five-year study of the dynamics of cessation of injecting drug use and any subsequent relapse.

Past (1)

• Cohort study of ex-prisoners with a history of injecting drug use
  The largest ever prospective study of ex-prisoners with a history of injecting drug use in Australia.

Publications (85)

2017 (4)

• Longitudinal changes in personal wellbeing in a cohort of people who inject drugs.
  Scott N, Carrotte ER, Higgs P, Stoové MA, Aitken CK, Dietze PM
  PLoS One. 2017 May; 12(5):e0178474
• How does the use of multiple needles/syringes per injecting episode impact on the measurement of individual level needle and syringe program coverage?
  O'Keefe D, McCormack A, Cogger S, Aitken C, Burns L, Bruno R, Stafford J, Butler K, Breen C, Dietze P
  Int J Drug Policy. 2017 May; 46:96-106
• Longitudinal analysis of change in individual-level needle and syringe coverage amongst a cohort of people who inject drugs in Melbourne, Australia.
  O'Keefe D, Scott N, Aitken C, Dietze P
  Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Apr; 176:7-13
• The effects of needle-sharing and opioid substitution therapy on incidence of hepatitis C virus infection and reinfection in people who inject drugs.
  Aitken CK, Agius PA, Higgs PG, Stoové MA, Bowden DS, Dietze PM
  Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Mar; 145(4):796-801

2016 (4)

• Longitudinal changes in psychological distress in a cohort of people who inject drugs in Melbourne, Australia.
  Scott N, Carrotte ER, Higgs P, Cogger S, Stoové MA, Aitken CK, Dietze PM
  Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2016 Aug; 168:140-146
• Individual-level needle and syringe coverage in Melbourne, Australia: a longitudinal, descriptive analysis.
  O'Keefe D, Scott N, Aitken C, Dietze P
  BMC Health Serv Res. 2016 Aug; 16(1):411
• The introduction of CCTV and associated changes in heroin purchase and injection settings in Footscray, Victoria, Australia.
  Scott N, Higgs P, Caulkins JP, Aitken C, Cogger S, Dietze P
  J Exp Criminol. 2016 Apr; 12(2):265-275
• Syringe Stockpiling by Persons Who Inject Drugs: An Evaluation of Current Measures for Needle and Syringe Program Coverage.
  McCormack AR, Aitken CK, Burns LA, Cogger S, Dietze PM
  Am J Epidemiol. 2016 Apr; 183(9):852-860

2015 (4)

• Patterns of, and Factors Associated With, Illicit Pharmaceutical Opioid Analgesic Use in a Prospective Cohort of People Who Inject Drugs in Melbourne, Australia.
  Horyniak D, Agius PA, Degenhardt L, Reddel S, Higgs P, Aitken C, Stoové M, Dietze P
  Subst Use Misuse. 2015 Nov; 50(13):1650-1659
• Hepatitis C transmission and treatment as prevention - The role of the injecting network.
  Hellard M, McBryde E, Sacks Davis R, Rolls DA, Higgs P, Aitken C, Thompson A, Doyle J, Pattison P, Robins G
  Int J Drug Policy. 2015 May; 26(10):958-962
• How "Hidden" Are Unobserved Networks Among People Who Inject Drugs?
  Higgs P, Sacks-Davis R, Aitken C, Hellard M
  Am J Public Health. 2015 Apr; 105(6):e3
• How do drug market changes affect characteristics of injecting initiation and subsequent patterns of drug use? Findings from a cohort of regular heroin and methamphetamine injectors in Melbourne, Australia.
  Horyniak D, Stoové M, Degenhardt L, Aitken C, Kerr T, Dietze P
  Int J Drug Policy. 2015 Jan; 26(1):43-50

2014 (2)

• The impact of injecting networks on hepatitis C transmission and treatment in people who inject drugs.
  Hellard M, Rolls DA, Sacks-Davis R, Robins G, Pattison P, Higgs P, Aitken C, McBryde E
  Hepatology. 2014 Aug; 60(6):1861-1870
• Detection of HCV-Specific IFN-gamma Responses in HCV Antibody and HCV RNA Negative Injecting Drug Users.
  Flynn JK, Sacks-Davis R, Higgs P, Aitken C, Moneer S, Suppiah V, Tracy L, Ffrench R, Bowden S, Drummer H, George J, Bharadwaj M, Hellard M
  Hepat Mon. 2014 Jan; 14(1):e14678

2013 (8)

• High rates of hepatitis C virus reinfection and spontaneous clearance of reinfection in people who inject drugs: a prospective cohort study.
  Sacks-Davis R, Aitken CK, Higgs P, Spelman T, Pedrana AE, Bowden S, Bharadwaj M, Nivarthi UK, Suppiah V, George J, Grebely J, Drummer HE, Hellard M
  PLoS One. 2013 Nov; 8(11):e80216
• Establishing the Melbourne injecting drug user cohort study (MIX): rationale, methods, and baseline and twelve-month follow-up results.
  Horyniak D, Higgs P, Jenkinson R, Degenhardt L, Stoové M, Kerr T, Hickman M, Aitken C, Dietze P
  Harm Reduct J. 2013 Jun; 10(1):11
• Preventing hepatitis C virus transmission among young people in the justice system.
  Lenton E, White B, Aitken C, Hellard M, Higgs P
  Children Youth Serv Rev. 2013 May; 35(5):834-6
• The relationship between alcohol use and injecting drug use: Impacts on health, crime and wellbeing.
  Dietze P, Jenkinson R, Aitken C, Stoové M, Jolley D, Hickman M, Kerr T
  Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Feb; 128(1-2):111-115
• Concordance between self-reported and actual hepatitis C virus infection status in a cohort of people who inject drugs.
  O'Keefe D, Aitken C, Higgs P, Dietze P
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013 Feb; 32(2):208-210
• A response to: Self-reported and actual hepatitis C virus infection status.
  O'Keefe D, Aitken C, Higgs P, Dietze P
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013 Jan; 32(1):107
• A cross-sectional study of emergency department visits by people who inject drugs.
  Aitken C, Kerr T, Hickman M, Stoové M, Higgs P, Dietze P
  Emerg Med J. 2013 Jan; 30(5):421-422
• Hepatitis B virus exposure and vaccination in a cohort of people who inject drugs: What has been the impact of targeted free vaccination?
  Winter RJ, Dietze PM, Gouillou M, Hellard ME, Robinson P, Aitken CK
  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jan; 28(2):314-322

2012 (5)

• Trends in sexual behavior, testing, and knowledge in young people; 2006-2011.
  Lim MS, Bowring AL, Gold J, Aitken CK, Hellard ME
  Sex Transm Dis. 2012 Nov; 39(11):831-834
• Hepatitis C virus phylogenetic clustering is associated with the social-injecting network in a cohort of people who inject drugs.
  Sacks-Davis R, Daraganova G, Aitken C, Higgs P, Tracy L, Bowden S, Jenkinson R, Rolls D, Pattison P, Robins G, Grebely J, Barry A, Hellard M
  PLoS One. 2012 Oct; 7(10):e47335
• Public-Private Partnerships for Health Promotion: The Experiences of the S5 Project.
  Gold J, Hellard ME, Lim MS, Dixon H, Wakefield M, Aitken CK.
  Amer J Health Educat. 2012 Aug; 43(4):250-53
• The more you look, the more you find: effects of hepatitis C virus testing interval on reinfection incidence and clearance and implications for future vaccine study design.
  Vickerman P, Grebely J, Dore GJ, Sacks-Davis R., Page K, Thomas DL, Osburn WO, Cox AL, Aitken CK, Hickman M, Hellard M
  J Infect Dis. 2012 May; 205(9):1342-1350
• Impact of text and email messaging on the sexual health of young people: a randomised controlled trial.
  Lim MS, Hocking JS, Aitken CK, Fairley CK, Jordan L, Lewis JA, Hellard ME
  J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012 Jan; 66(1):69-74

2011 (4)

• The relationship between personality disorders and mental health, substance use severity and quality of life among injecting drug users.
  Gibbie TM, Hides LM, Cotton SM, Lubman DI, Aitken C, Hellard M
  Med J Aust. 2011 Aug; 195(3):S16-S21
• A randomised controlled trial using mobile advertising to promote safer sex and sun safety to young people.
  Gold J, Aitken CK, Dixon HG, Lim MS, Gouillou M, Spelman T, Wakefield M, Hellard ME
  Health Educ Res. 2011 Mar
• Antigen-driven patterns of TCR bias are shared across diverse outcomes of human hepatitis C virus infection.
  Miles JJ, Thammanichanond D, Moneer S, Nivarthi UK, Kjer-Nielsen L, Tracy SL, Aitken CK, Brennan RM, Zeng W, Marquart L, Jackson D, Burrows SR, Bowden DS, Torresi J, Hellard M, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J, Bharadwaj M
  J Immunol. 2011 Jan; 186(2):901-912
• Understanding the motivations of contraband tobacco smokers.
  Pellegrini B, Fry TRL, Aitken CK
  Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy. 2011 Jan; 18(5):387-392

2010 (4)

• Randomised controlled trial of paper, online and SMS diaries for collecting sexual behaviour information from young people.
  Lim MS, Sacks-Davis R, Aitken CK, Hocking JS, Hellard ME
  J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010 Oct; 64(10):885-889
• Home-based chlamydia testing of young people attending a music festival--who will pee and post?
  Sacks-Davis R, Gold J, Aitken CK, Hellard ME
  BMC Public Health. 2010 Jun; 10:376
• Surveillance of drug use among young people attending a music festival in Australia, 2005-2008.
  Lim MS, Sacks-Davis R, Aitken CK, Hocking JS, Hellard ME
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010 Mar; 29(2):150-156
• An evaluation of a heroin overdose prevention and education campaign.
  Horyniak D, Higgs P, Lewis J, Winter R, Dietze P, Aitken C
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010 Jan; 29(1):5-11

2009 (10)

• Analysis of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells that display apparent viral antigen specificity during chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
  Li S, Floess S, Hamann A, Gaudieri S, Lucas A, Hellard M, Roberts S, Paukovic G, Plebanski M, Loveland BE, Aitken C, Barry S, Schofield L, Gowans EJ
  PLoS Pathog. 2009 Dec; 5(12):e1000707
• Surveillance of STI risk behaviour among young people attending a music festival in Australia, 2005-08.
  Lim MS, Hellard ME, Aitken CK, Hocking JS
  Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009 Oct; 33(5):482-484
• The economic burden to the public health system of treating non-viral injecting-related injury and disease in Australia (a cost of illness analysis).
  Sweeney R, Conroy AB, Dwyer R, Aitken CK
  Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009 Aug; 33(4):352-357
• TCD8 response in diverse outcomes of recurrent exposure to hepatitis C virus.
  Bharadwaj M, Thammanichanond D, Aitken CK, Moneer S, Drummer HE, Tracy S, Holdsworth R, Bowden S, Jackson D, Hellard M, Torresi J, McCluskey J
  Immunol Cell Biol. 2009 Aug; 87(6):464-472
• Smokers of illicit tobacco report significantly worse health than other smokers.
  Aitken CK, Fry TR, Farrell L, Pellegrini B
  Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Aug; 11(8):996-1001
• Advocacy for harm reduction in China: a new era dawns.
  Reid G, Aitken C
  Int J Drug Policy. 2009 Jul; 20(4):365-370
• Discrepancies between young people's self-reported sexual experience and their perceptions of 'normality'.
  Lim MS, Aitken CK, Hocking JS, Hellard ME
  Sex Health. 2009 Jun; 6(2):171-172
• Markers and risk factors for HCV, HBV and HIV in a network of injecting drug users in Melbourne, Australia.
  Miller ER, Hellard ME, Bowden S, Bharadwaj M, Aitken CK
  J Infect. 2009 May; 58(5):375-382
• Prevalences and correlates of non-viral injecting-related injuries and diseases in a convenience sample of Australian injecting drug users.
  Dwyer R, Topp L, Maher L, Power R, Hellard M, Walsh N, Jauncey M, Conroy A, Lewis J, Aitken C
  Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Feb; 100(1-2):9-16
• Does Information about IDUs' Injecting Networks Predict Exposure to the Hepatitis C Virus?
  Aitken CK, Lewis JA, Hocking JS, Bowden DS, Hellard ME
  Hepatitis Monthly. 2009 Jan; 9(1):17-23

2008 (13)

• High incidence of hepatitis C virus reinfection in a cohort of injecting drug users.
  Aitken CK, Lewis J, Tracy SL, Spelman T, Bowden DS, Bharadwaj M, Drummer H, Hetlard M
  Hepatology. 2008 Dec; 48(6):1746-1752
• Fiber-modified recombinant adenoviral constructs encoding hepatitis C virus proteins induce potent HCV-specific T cell response.
  Thammanichanond D, Moneer S, Yotnda P, Aitken C, Earnest-Silveira L, Jackson D, Hellard M, McCluskey J, Torresi J, Bharadwaj M
  Clin Immunol. 2008 Sep; 128(3):329-339
• Mortality among injecting drug users in Melbourne: a 16-year follow-up of the Victorian Injecting Cohort Study (VICS).
  Stoové MA, Dietze PM, Aitken CK, Jolley D
  Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Aug; 96(3):281-285
• A cross-sectional survey of young people attending a music festival: associations between drug use and musical preference.
  Lim MS, Hellard ME, Hocking JS, Aitken CK
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008 Jul; 27(4):439-441
• A very low response rate in an on-line survey of medical practitioners.
  Aitken C, Power R, Dwyer R
  Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008 Jun; 32(3):288-289
• Risk behaviours and blood borne virus exposure for transient workers in rural Victoria.
  Pedrana A, Aitken C, Higgs P, Hellard M
  Aust J Rural Health. 2008 Jun; 16(3):143-149
• SMS STI: a review of the uses of mobile phone text messaging in sexual health.
  Lim MS, Hocking JS, Hellard ME, Aitken CK
  Int J STD AIDS. 2008 May; 19(5):287-290
• Consecutive infections and clearances of different hepatitis C virus genotypes in an injecting drug user.
  Aitken CK, Tracy SL, Revill P, Bharadwaj M, Bowden DS, Winter RJ, Hellard ME
  J Clin Virol. 2008 Apr; 41(4):293-296
• Differences in the social networks of ethnic Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese injecting drug users and their implications for blood-borne virus transmission.
  Aitken CK, Higgs P, Bowden S
  Epidemiol Infect. 2008 Mar; 136(3):410-416
• Health perceptions of home-grown tobacco (chop-chop) smokers.
  Aitken C, Fry TR, Grahlmann L, Masters T
  Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Mar; 10(3):413-416
• Buprenorphine injection in Melbourne, Australia - an update.
  Aitken CK, Higgs PG, Hellard ME
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008 Mar; 27(2):197-199
• Integrating enhanced hepatitis C testing and counselling in research.
  Winter R, Nguyen O, Higgs P, Armstrong S, Duong D, Thach ML, Aitken C, Hellard M
  Int J Drug Policy. 2008 Feb; 19(1):66-70
• Selling syringes to injecting drug users: a study of five pharmacies in Hanoi, Vietnam.
  Pankonin CA, Higgs P, Reid G, Aitken C
  J Infect Dev Ctries. 2008 Feb; 2(1):51-58

2007 (5)

• Tattooing in prisons--not such a pretty picture.
  Hellard ME, Aitken CK, Hocking JS
  Am J Infect Control. 2007 Sep; 35(7):477-480
• Sexual-risk behaviour, self-perceived risk and knowledge of sexually transmissible infections among young Australians attending a music festival.
  Lim MS, Hellard ME, Aitken CK, Hocking JS
  Sex Health. 2007 Mar; 4(1):51-56
• Reliability and validity of the Kessler 10 and Patient Health Questionnaire among injecting drug users.
  Hides L, Lubman DI, Devlin H, Cotton S, Aitken C, Gibbie T, Hellard M
  Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb; 41(2):166-168
• Blood-borne viruses and risk behaviours among injecting drug users recruited from needle and syringe programs in Victoria's eastern metropolitan region
  Lim MS, Sundaram K, Aitken CK, Hellard ME
  Aust J Prim Health. 2007 Jan; 13(3):69-76
• "Poor Man’s Smack”: “Poor Man’s Smack”: A qualitative study of buprenorphine injecting in Melbourne, Australia
  Horyniak D, Armstrong S, Higgs P, Wain D, Aitken C.
  Contemp Drug Prob. 2007 Jan; 34(3):525-548

2006 (1)

• Engagement, reciprocity and advocacy: ethical harm reduction practice in research with injecting drug users.
  Higgs P, Moore D, Aitken C
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2006 Sep; 25(5):419-423

2005 (2)

• The case of the disappearing teaspoons: longitudinal cohort study of the displacement of teaspoons in an Australian research institute.
  Lim MSC, Hellard ME, Aitken CK
  BMJ. 2005 Dec; 331(7531):1498-1500
• Detection of multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes in a cohort of injecting drug users.
  Bowden S, McCaw R, White PA, Crofts N, Aitken CK
  J Viral Hepat. 2005 May; 12(3):322-324

2004 (5)

• Change in hepatitis C virus genotype in injecting drug users.
  Aitken C, McCaw R, Jardine D, Bowden S, Higgs P, Nguyen O, Crofts N, Hellard M
  J Med Virol. 2004 Dec; 74(4):543-545
• Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in a social network of injection drug users.
  Aitken CK, McCaw RF, Bowden DS, Tracy SL, Kelsall JG, Higgs PG, Kerger MJ, Nguyen H, Crofts JN
  J Infect Dis. 2004 Nov; 190(9):1586-1595
• Indications of immune protection from hepatitis C infection.
  Aitken CK, Bowden S, Hellard M, Crofts N
  J Urban Health. 2004 Mar; 81(1):58-60
• The development of New Zealand's needle and syringe exchange program.
  Kemp R, Aitken C
  Int J Drug Policy. 2004 Mar; 15(3):202-206
• HIV in prison: what are the risks and what can be done?
  Hellard ME, Aitken CK
  Sex Health. 2004 Jan; 1(2):107-113

2003 (1)

• Investigation of infection control practices and knowledge of hepatitis C among body-piercing practitioners.
  Hellard M, Aitken C, Mackintosh A, Ridge A, Bowden S
  Am J Infect Control. 2003 Jun; 31(4):215-220

2002 (5)

• The impact of a police crackdown on a street drug scene: evidence from the street.
  Aitken C, Moore D, Higgs P, Kelsall J, Kerger M
  Int J Drug Policy. 2002 Jul; 13(3):193.202
• A public health initiative for steroid users in Victoria
  Aitken C, Delande C
  Aust J Prim Health. 2002 Jul; 8(2):21-23
• Peer-delivered hepatitis C testing and counselling: a means of improving the health of injecting drug users.
  Aitken CK, Kerger M, Crofts N
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2002 Mar; 21(1):33-37
• Severe vein damage caused by Temezepam injecting.
  Aitken CK, Higgs P
  Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 Feb; 26(1):79
• Pumping iron, risking infection? Exposure to hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV among anabolic-androgenic steroid injectors in Victoria, Australia.
  Aitken C, Delalande C, Stanton K
  Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Feb; 65(3):303-308

2001 (1)

• Markers of ethnicity and their effect on measuring illicit drug use by ethnic groups.
  Reid G, Beyer L, Aitken C, Crofts N
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 2001 Jul; 20(3):309-317

1999 (3)

• Risk factors for hepatitis C transmission in the Victorian population: a telephone survey.
  Watson R, Crofts N, Mitchell C, Aitken C, Hocking J, Thompson S
  Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999 Dec; 23(6):622-626
• The force of numbers: why hepatitis C is spreading among Australian injecting drug users while HIV is not.
  Crofts N, Aitken CK, Kaldor JM
  Med J Aust. 1999 Mar; 170(5):220-221
• Injecting drug use and blood-borne viruses: a comparison of rural and urban Victoria, 1990-95
  Aitken C, Brough R, Crofts N
  Drug Alcohol Rev. 1999 Jan; 18(1):47-52

1998 (2)

• Conceptual development of an information systems framework for improving continuity in epidemiological research.
  Linger H, Burstein F, Zaslavsky A, Aitken C, Crofts N
  Eur J Epidemiol. 1998 Sep; 14(6):587-593
• Risky practices among people who inject steroids.
  Delalande CL, Aitken CK, Mercuri P, Stanton KA
  Med J Aust. 1998 Jul; 169(1):62

1997 (2)

• Incidence of bloodborne virus infection and risk behaviours in a cohort of injecting drug users in Victoria, 1990-1995.
  Crofts N, Aitken CK
  Med J Aust. 1997 Jul; 167(1):17-20
• Effects of cannabis decriminalization in the Australian capital territory on university students' patterns of use.
  McGeorge J, Aitken CK
  J Drug Iss. 1997 May; 27(4):785-793

News Articles (1)

2016 (1)

• Study queries CCTV as drug deal deterrent