Background

Bruce Wines, (PhD) is a Senior Research Officer of the Burnet Institute and his work is based on the central theme of structural /functional relationships in the immune system focusing on the biology of IgA and IgG receptors and antibodies.

Dr. Wines' PhD work on complement component C1q was at the Biochemistry Department of the University of Sydney with Dr Simon Easterbrook-Smith. In the Biochemical Virology Laboratory at Johns Hopkins with Paula Pitha he studied the dysfunction of the immune system in the retroviral MAIDS disease model. Since then he has worked on Fc receptors focusing on the biology and biochemistry of the main leukocyte IgA receptor, FcalphaRI and the low affinity IgG receptor FcgammaRIIa.

Recently, in collaboration with Prof. John Fraser at the University of Auckland and Dr Paul Ramsland at the Burnet, he has been investigating the staphylococcal superantigen like (SSL) toxins as agents of immune evasion for the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.

Appointments

• 2006-present: Senior Research Officer, Burnet Institute, Victoria, Australia
• 2006-present: Senior Fellow, Department of Immunology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
• 2003-present: Senior Fellow, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
• 1994-2006: Senior Research Officer, Austin Research Institute, A&RMC, Victoria, Australia
• 1992-1994: Senior Associate, Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
• 1992- Oct 1994: Postdoctoral Fellow, Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
• 1990-1992: Research Officer, Centre for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Monash University,Victoria, Australia

Qualifications

• BSc (Hons), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
• PhD, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Projects (4)

Current (4)

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  A unique approach to anti-inflammatory immune therapy

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  Anti-COVID-19 biological drugs for prevention and treatment

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  Antibody mAbs to destroy infection: engineering the next generation treatments

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  Predicting quality and potency of monoclonal and natural antibodies

Publications (63)

2021 (8)

• Improved HIV-positive infant survival is correlated with high levels of HIV-specific ADCC activity in multiple cohorts.
  Yaffe ZA, Naiman NE, Slyker J, Wines BD, Richardson BA, Hogarth PM, Bosire R, Farquhar C, Ngacha DM, Nduati R, John-Stewart G, Overbaugh J
  Cell Rep Med. 2021 Apr; 2(4):100254
• Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial.
  Chappell KJ, Mordant FL, Li Z, Wijesundara DK, Ellenberg P, Lackenby JA, Cheung STM, Modhiran N, Avumegah MS, Henderson CL, Hoger K, Griffin P, Bennet J, Hensen L, Zhang W, Nguyen THO, Marrero-Hernandez S, Selva KJ, Chung AW, Tran MH, Tapley P, Barnes J, Reading PC, Nicholson S, Corby S, Holgate T, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Kedzierska K, Purcell DFJ, Ranasinghe C, Subbarao K, Watterson D, Young PR, Munro TP
  Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Apr; Epub ahead of print
• Enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis in anti-HIV-1 bovine chimeric broadly-neutralizing antibodies.
  Edwards JM, Heydarchi B, Khoury G, Salazar-Quiroz NA, Gonelli CA, Wines B, Hogarth PM, Kristensen AB, Parsons MS, Purcell DF
  J Virol. 2021 Apr; Epub ahead of print
• Systems serology detects functionally distinct coronavirus antibody features in children and elderly.
  Selva KJ, van de Sandt CE, Lemke MM, Lee CY, Shoffner SK, Chua BY, Davis SK, Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Hensen L, Koutsakos M, Wong CY, Mordant F, Jackson DC, Flanagan KL, Crowe J, Tosif S, Neeland MR, Sutton P, Licciardi PV, Crawford NW, Cheng AC, Doolan DL, Amanat F, Krammer F, Chappell K, Modhiran N, Watterson D, Young P, Lee WS, Wines BD, Mark Hogarth P, Esterbauer R, Kelly HG, Tan HX, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Arnold KB, Kedzierska K, Chung AW
  Nat Commun. 2021 Apr; 12(1):2037
• CytoBas: Precision component-resolved diagnostics for allergy using flow cytometric staining of basophils with recombinant allergen tetramers.
  McKenzie CI, Varese N, Aui PM, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Thien F, Hew M, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE, van Zelm MC
  Allergy. 2021 Mar; Epub ahead of print
• Mechanisms and targets of Fcgamma-receptor mediated immunity to malaria sporozoites.
  Feng G, Wines BD, Kurtovic L, Chan JA, Boeuf P, Mollard V, Cozijnsen A, Drew DR, Center RJ, Marshall DL, Chishimba S, McFadden GI, Dent AE, Chelimo K, Boyle MJ, Kazura JW, Hogarth PM, Beeson JG
  Nat Commun. 2021 Mar; 12(1):1742
• Novel Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Encoding the Circumsporozoite Protein of Plasmodium falciparum Is Immunogenic and Induces Functional Antibody Responses in Mice.
  Kurtovic L, Wetzel D, Reiling L, Drew DR, Palmer C, Kouskousis B, Hanssen E, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Suckow M, Jenzelewski V, Piontek M, Chan JA, Beeson JG
  Front Immunol. 2021 Mar; 12:641421
• Multi-functional antibodies are induced by the RTS,S malaria vaccine and associated with protection in a phase I/IIa trial.
  Kurtovic L, Atre T, Feng G, Wines BD, Chan JA, Boyle MJ, Drew DR, Hogarth PM, Fowkes FJI, Bergmann-Leitner ES, Beeson JG
  J Infect Dis. 2021 Jan; Epub ahead of print

2020 (6)

• Th2-like T Follicular Helper Cells Promote Functional Antibody Production during Plasmodium falciparum Infection.
  Chan JA, Loughland JR, de Labastida Rivera F, SheelaNair A, Andrew DW, Dooley NL, Wines BD, Amante FH, Webb L, Hogarth PM, McCarthy JS, Beeson JG, Engwerda CR, Boyle MJ
  Cell Rep Med. 2020 Dec; 1(9):100157
• Plasma levels of the soluble form of the FcgammaRIIa receptor vary with receptor polymorphisms and are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis.
  Qiao J, Dunne E, Wines B, Kenny D, McCarthy GM, Hogarth PM, Xu K, Andrews RK, Gardiner EE
  Platelets. 2020 Jul; 31(3):392-398
• Innate and Adaptive Anti-SIV Responses in Macaque Semen: Implications for Infectivity and Risk of Transmission.
  Suphaphiphat K, Bernard-Stoecklin S, Gommet C, Delache B, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Kent SJ, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Le Grand R, Cavarelli M
  Front Immunol. 2020 May; 11:850
• Epidemic thunderstorm asthma susceptibility from sensitization to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pollen and major allergen Lol p 5.
  Hew M, Lee J, Varese N, Aui PM, McKenzie CI, Wines BD, Aumann H, Rolland JM, Hogarth PM, van Zelm MC, O'Hehir RE
  Allergy. 2020 Apr; 75(9):2369-2372
• Harnessing the immune system via FcgammaR function in immune therapy: A pathway to next-gen mAbs.
  Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Anania JC, Hogarth PM
  Immunol Cell Biol. 2020 Mar; 98(4):287-304
• Fc functional antibody responses to adjuvanted versus unadjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccination in community-dwelling older adults.
  Vanderven HA, Barr I, Reynaldi A, Wheatley AK, Wines BD, Davenport MP, Hogarth PM, Kent SJ
  Vaccine. 2020 Feb; 38(10):2368-2377

2019 (5)

• Low pH exposure during immunoglobulin G purification methods results in aggregates That avidly bind Fcγ receptors: Implications for measuring Fc dependent antibody functions.
  Lopez E, Scott NE, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Chung AW
  Front Immunol. 2019 Oct; 10:2415
• Boosting of markers of FcgammaR function in anti-HIV antibodies during structured treatment interruption.
  Billings H, Wines B, Dyer W, Center R, Trist HM, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM
  AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2019 Jul; 35(9):842-852
• The Human FcgammaRII (CD32) Family of Leukocyte FcR in Health and Disease.
  Anania JC, Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Hogarth PM
  Front Immunol. 2019 Mar; 10:464
• Two families of Env antibodies efficiently engage Fc-gamma receptors and eliminate HIV-1-infected cells.
  Anand SP, Prévost J, Baril S, Richard J, Medjahed H, Chapleau JP, Tolbert WD, Kirk S, Smith AB 3rd, Wines BD, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM, Parsons MS, Pazgier M, Finzi A.
  J Virol. 2019 Jan; 93(3):e01823-18
• Fc-dependent functions are redundant to efficacy of anti-HIV antibody PGT121 in macaques.
  Parsons MS, Lee WS, Kristensen AB, Amarasena T, Khoury G, Wheatley AK, Reynaldi A, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Davenport MP, Kent SJ
  J Clin Invest. 2019 Jan; 129(1):182-191

2018 (4)

• Dimeric FcgammaR ectodomains detect pathogenic platelet factor 4-heparin antibodies in heparin induced thromobocytopenia.
  Wines BD, Tan CW, Duncan E, McRae S, Baker RI, Andrews RK, Esparon S, Gardiner EE, Hogarth PM
  J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Sep; 16(12):2520–2525
• The Rare Anaphylaxis-Associated FcgammaRIIa3 Exhibits Distinct Characteristics From the Canonical FcgammaRIIa1.
  Anania JC, Trist HM, Palmer CS, Tan PS, Kouskousis BP, Chenoweth AM, Kent SJ, Mackay GA, Hoi A, Koelmeyer R, Slade C, Bryant VL, Hodgkin PD, Aui PM, van Zelm MC, Wines BD, Hogarth PM
  Front Immunol. 2018 Aug; 9:1809
• Anti-influenza Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin Enhances Fc-functional Antibody Immunity during Human Influenza Infection.
  Vanderven HA, Wragg K, Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Kristensen AB, Jegaskanda S, Wheatley AK, Wentworth D, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Rockman S; INSIGHT FLU005 Pilot Study Writing Group, Kent SJ
  J Infect Dis. 2018 May; 218(9):1383-1393
• Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses to seasonal influenza vaccination in older adults.
  Vanderven HA, Jegaskanda S, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Carmuglia S, Rockman S, Chung AW, Kent SJ
  J Infect Dis. 2018 Jan; 217(1):12-23

2017 (10)

• Antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) responses following trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination of younger and older adults.
  Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Johnston APR, Hogarth PM, Wines BD, Barr I, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ
  Vaccine. 2017 Nov; 35(47):6451-6458
• HIV-1 Env- and Vpu-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses associated with elite control of HIV.
  Madhavi V, Wines BD, Amin J, Emery S; ENCORE1 study group, Lopez E, Kelleher A; Sydney LTNP study group, Center RJ, Hogarth PM, Chung AW, Kent SJ, Stratov I
  J Virol. 2017 Aug; 91(18):e00700-17
• Partial efficacy of a broadly neutralizing antibody against cell-associated SHIV infection.
  Parsons MS, Lloyd SB, Lee WS, Kristensen AB, Amarasena T, Center RJ, Keele BF, Lifson JD, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Swiderek KM, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Kent SJ
  Sci Trans Med. 2017 Aug; 9(402):eaaf1483
• Anti-HIV-1 ADCC antibodies following latency reversal and treatment interruption.
  Lee WS, Kristensen AB, Rasmussen TA, Tolstrup M, Østergaard L, Søgaard OS, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Reynaldi A, Davenport MP, Emery S, Amin J, Cooper DA, Kan VL, Fox J, Gruell H, Parsons MS, Kent SJ
  J Virol. 2017 Aug; 91(15):e00603
• Fc functional antibodies in humans with severe H7N9 and seasonal influenza.
  Vanderven HA, Liu L, Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Nguyen TH, Wan Y, Wines B, Hogarth PM, Tilmanis D, Reynaldi A, Parsons MS, Hurt AC, Davenport MP, Kotsimbos T, Cheng AC, Kedzierska K, Zhang X, Xu J, Kent SJ
  JCI Insights. 2017 Jul; 2(13):92750
• Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses in subtype B- and subtype C-infected cohorts.
  Madhavi V, Kulkarni A, Shete A, Lee WS, Mclean MR, Kristensen AB, Ghate M, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Parsons MS, Kelleher A, Cooper DA, Amin J, Emery S, Thakar M, Kent SJ
  J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017 Jul; 75(3):345-353
• Dimeric Fcγ receptor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to study HIV-specific antibodies: a new look into breadth of Fcγ receptor antibodies induced by the RV144 Vaccine Trial.
  McLean MR, Madhavi V, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Chung AW, Kent SJ
  J Immunol. 2017 Jun; 199(2):816-826
• A Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus vaccine trial for cross-profiling the kinetics of serum and mucosal antibody responses to CN54gp140 modulated by two homologous prime-boost vaccine regimens.
  Kratochvil S, McKay PF, Kopycinski JT, Bishop C, Hayes PJ, Muir L, Pinder CL, Cizmeci D, King D, Aldon Y, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Chung AW, Kent SJ, Held K, Geldmacher C, Dally L, Santos NS, Cole T, Gilmour J, Fidler S, Shattock RJ
  Front Immunol. 2017 May; 8:595
• Antibody functional assays as measures of Fc receptor-mediated immunity to HIV - New technologies and their Impact on the HIV vaccine field.
  Wines BD, Billings H, Mclean MR, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM
  Curr HIV Res. 2017 Mar; 15(3):202-215
• Distinctive expression of Interleukin-23 receptor subunits on human Th17 and gammadelta T cells.
  Wines BD, Yap ML, Powell MS, Tan PS, Ko KK, Orlowski E, Hogarth PM
  Immunol Cell Biol. 2017 Mar; 95(3):272-279

2016 (3)

• Dimeric FcgammaR Ectodomains as Probes of the Fc Receptor Function of Anti-Influenza Virus IgG.
  Wines BD, Vanderven HA, Esparon SE, Kristensen AB, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM
  J Immunol. 2016 Jul; 197(4):1507-1516
• What lies beneath: Antibody dependent natural killer cell activation by antibodies to internal influenza virus proteins.
  Vanderven HA, Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Jegaskanda S, Rockman S, Laurie K, Barr I, Chen W, Wines B, Hogarth PM, Lambe t, Gilbert SC, Parsons MS, Kent SJ
  EBioMed. 2016 Apr; 8:277-290
• Antibody responses with Fc-mediated functions after trivalent influenza vaccination of HIV-infected subjects.
  Kristensen AB, Lay WN, Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Vanderven HA, Madhavi V, Laurie KL, Carolan L, Wines BD, Hogarth M, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ
  J Virol. 2016 Apr; 90(12):5724-5734

2015 (1)

• The high-affinity receptor for IgG, FcgammaRI, of humans and non-human primates.
  Chenoweth AM, Trist HM, Tan PS, Wines BD, Hogarth PM
  Immunol Rev. 2015 Nov; 268(1):175-191

2014 (2)

• The FcγR of humans and non-human primates and their Interaction with IgG: Implications for induction of inflammation, resistance to infection and the use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
  Hogarth PM, Anania JC, Wines BD
  Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2014 Aug; 382:321-352
• Polymorphisms and Interspecies Differences of the Activating and Inhibitory FcgammaRII of Macaca nemestrina Influence the Binding of Human IgG Subclasses.
  Trist HM, Tan PS, Wines BD, Ramsland PA, Orlowski E, Stubbs J, Gardiner EE, Pietersz GA, Kent SJ, Stratov I, Burton DR, Hogarth PM
  J Immunol. 2014 Jan; 192(2):892-903

2012 (1)

• A conserved host and pathogen recognition site on immunoglobulins: structural and functional aspects.
  Wines BD, Trist HM, Farrugia W, Ngo C, Trowsdale J, Areschoug T, Lindahl G, Fraser JD, Ramsland PA
  Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012 Jan; 946:87-112

2011 (2)

• Interaction of Human, Rat, and Mouse Immunoglobulin A (IgA) with Staphylococcal Superantigen-like 7 (SSL7) Decoy Protein and Leukocyte IgA Receptor.
  Wines BD, Ramsland PA, Trist HM, Gardam S, Brink R, Fraser JD, Hogarth PM
  J Biol Chem. 2011 Sep; 286(38):33118-33124
• Structural basis for Fc gammaRIIa recognition of human IgG and formation of inflammatory signaling complexes.
  Ramsland PA, Farrugia W, Bradford TM, Sardjono CT, Esparon S, Trist HM, Powell MS, Tan PS, Cendron AC, Wines BD, Scott AM, Hogarth PM
  J Immunol. 2011 Aug

2010 (2)

• Specificity of staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 10 toward the human IgG1 Fc domain.
  Patel D, Wines BD, Langley RJ, Fraser JD
  J Immunol. 2010 Jun; 184(11):6283-6292
• Structural basis for inhibition of complement C5 by the SSL7 protein from Staphylococcus aureus.
  Laursen NS, Gordon N, Hermans S, Lorenz N, Jackson N, Wines B, Spillner E, Christensen JB, Jensen M, Fredslund F, Bjerre M, Sottrup-Jensen L, Fraser JD, Andersen GR
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb; 107(8):3681-3686

2009 (1)

• Surface display of IgG Fc on baculovirus vectors enhances binding to antigen-presenting cells and cell lines expressing Fc receptors.
  Martyn JC, Cardin AJ, Wines BD, Cendron A, Li S, Mackenzie J, Powell M, Gowans EJ
  Arch Virol. 2009 Jun; 154(7):1129-1138

2008 (1)

• An FcgammaRIIa-binding peptide that mimics the interaction between FcgammaRIIa and IgG.
  Cendron AC, Wines BD, Brownlee RT, Ramsland PA, Pietersz GA, Hogarth PM
  Mol Immunol. 2008 Jan; 45(2):307-319

2007 (3)

• The crystal structure of staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 11 in complex with sialyl Lewis X reveals the mechanism for cell binding and immune inhibition.
  Chung MC, Wines BD, Baker H, Langley RJ, Baker EN, Fraser JD
  Mol Microbiol. 2007 Dec; 66(6):1342-1355
• Structural basis for evasion of IgA immunity by Staphylococcus aureus revealed in the complex of SSL7 with Fc of human IgA1.
  Ramsland PA, Willoughby N, Trist HM, Farrugia W, Hogarth PM, Fraser JD, Wines BD
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep; 104(38):15051-15056
• The mechanism underlying defective Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis by HIV-1-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages.
  Leeansyah E, Wines BD, Crowe SM, Jaworowski A.
  J Immunol. 2007 Jan; 178(2):1096-1104

2006 (5)

• IgA receptors in health and disease.
  Wines BD, Hogarth PM
  Tissue Antigens. 2006 Aug; 68(2):103-114
• A common site of the Fc receptor gamma subunit interacts with the unrelated immunoreceptors FcalphaRI and FcepsilonRI.
  Wines BD, Trist HM, Ramsland PA, Hogarth PM
  J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun; 281(25):17108-17113
• Alteration of the Fc gamma RIIa dimer interface affects receptor signaling but not ligand binding.
  Powell MS, Barnes NC, Bradford TM, Musgrave IF, Wines BD, Cambier JC, Hogarth P
  J Immunol. 2006 Jun; 176(12):7489-7494
• Raft localisation of FcgammaRIIa and efficient signaling are dependent on palmitoylation of cysteine 208.
  Barnes NC, Powell MS, Trist HM, Gavin AL, Wines BD, Hogarth PM
  Immunol Lett. 2006 Apr; 104(1-2):118-123
• A competitive mechanism for staphylococcal toxin SSL7 inhibiting the leukocyte IgA receptor, Fc alphaRI, is revealed by SSL7 binding at the C alpha2/C alpha3 interface of IgA.
  Wines BD, Willoughby N, Fraser JD, Hogarth PM
  J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan; 281(3):1389-1393

2005 (1)

• The staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 7 binds IgA and complement C5 and inhibits IgA-Fc alpha RI binding and serum killing of bacteria.
  Langley R, Wines B, Willoughby N, Basu I, Proft T, Fraser JD
  J Immunol. 2005 Mar; 174(5):2926-2933

2004 (2)

• Fc receptor gamma chain residues at the interface of the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains affect association with FcalphaRI, surface expression, and function.
  Wines BD, Trist HM, Monteiro RC, Van Kooten C, Hogarth PM
  J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun; 279(25):26339-26345
• IgG purification.
  Powell MS, Wines BD
  Methods Mol Biol. 2004 Jan; 251:341-350

2003 (1)

• Soluble FcgammaRIIa inhibits rheumatoid factor binding to immune complexes.
  Wines BD, Gavin A, Powell MS, Steinitz M, Buchanan RR, Mark Hogarth P
  Immunology. 2003 Jun; 109(2):246-254

2001 (1)

• The interaction of Fc alpha RI with IgA and its implications for ligand binding by immunoreceptors of the leukocyte receptor cluster.
  Wines BD, Sardjono CT, Trist HH, Lay CS, Hogarth PM
  J Immunol. 2001 Feb; 166(3):1781-1789

2000 (1)

• The IgG Fc contains distinct Fc receptor (FcR) binding sites: the leukocyte receptors Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RIIa bind to a region in the Fc distinct from that recognized by neonatal FcR and protein A.
  Wines BD, Powell MS, Parren PW, Barnes N, Hogarth PM
  J Immunol. 2000 May; 164(10):5313-5318

1999 (2)

• Biochemical analysis and crystallisation of Fc gamma RIIa, the low affinity receptor for IgG.
  Powell MS, Barton PA, Emmanouilidis D, Wines BD, Neumann GM, Peitersz GA, Maxwell KF, Garrett TP, Hogarth PM
  Immunol Lett. 1999 May; 68(1):17-23
• Identification of residues in the first domain of human Fc alpha receptor essential for interaction with IgA.
  Wines BD, Hulett MD, Jamieson GP, Trist HM, Spratt JM, Hogarth PM
  J Immunol. 1999 Feb; 162(4):2146-2153

1995 (1)

• Recombinant soluble Fc gamma RII inhibits immune complex precipitation.
  Gavin AL, Wines BD, Powell MS, Hogarth PM
  Clin Exp Immunol. 1995 Dec; 102(3):620-625

News Articles (6)

2021 (2)

• New cells harnessed to ambush and kill malaria
• New insights into the induction of malaria antibodies

2020 (1)

• New clues to malaria vaccine potency

2019 (2)

• ACH2 grants a terrific outcome
• Harnessing the immune system to combat disease

2018 (1)

• 2018 Day of Immunology