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Immune cells cycle between a resting and an activated state. Their metabolism is tightly linked to their activation status and, consequently, functions. Ag recognition induces T lymphocyte activation and proliferation and acquisition of effector functions that require and depend on cellular metabolic reprogramming. Likewise, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by monocytes and macrophages induces changes in cellular metabolism. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses manipulate the metabolism of infected cells to meet their structural and functional requirements. For example, HIV-induced changes in immune cell metabolism and redox state are associated with CD4(+) T cell depletion, immune activation, and inflammation. In this review, we highlight how HIV modifies immunometabolism with potential implications for cure research and pathogenesis of comorbidities observed in HIV-infected patients, including those with virologic suppression. In addition, we highlight recently described key methods that can be applied to study the metabolic dysregulation of immune cells in disease states.
This work was supported by the Australian Centre for HIV and Hepatitis Virology Research and a 2010 developmental grant (Creative and Novel Ideas in HIV Research) from the University of Washington Center for AIDS Research, a National Institutes of Health–funded program, under Award AI027757, which is supported by the following National Institutes of Health Institutes and Centers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and National Institute on Aging. C.S.P. is a recipient of Creative and Novel Ideas in HIV Research and Australian Centre for HIV and Hepatitis Virology Research grants. S.M.C. is a recipient of a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Principal Research Fellowship. A.S. acknowledges support from the Indian Council of Medical Research (Research Grant ICM 0067).
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